The Open Boat Essay -- essays research papers

Open BoatSymbolism allows writers to suggest their ideas within a piece of literature. This is found in most types of writing. Stephen Crane expresses this in his short story, The Open Boat. Through symbolism and allegory, it is demonstrated that humans live in a universe that is unconcerned with them. The characters in the story come verbalism to face with this indifference and are nearly overcome by Natures lack of concern. This is established in the opening scenes, the seven mad gods and in the realization of the dying soldier. The descriptions that Crane uses in the opening scenes illustrate natures lack of concern for their tragedy. He discusses the waves in the ocean that continually axial motion and crest. The waves are problems or situations that are unavoidable moreover, the waves continue to flow one after another towards the poor rowers. Also, the birds sat comfortably in groups, and they were envied by more or less in the dingey because the birds were indifferent towa rds the sailors situation. They were sitting happily as if nothing was going on around them. The sailors were envious of this because they were forced to confront natures trials. The sunshine continues to rise and set daily, maintaining this routine regardless of what occurs in the world. The shore is also lonely and indifferent. This indifference causes the hands to feel a certain isolation from nature. The men feel as if fate (the seven mad gods) controls their destinies. Their thoughts are given If I am go...

Important Symbols in The Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie essa

Important Symbols in The Glass zoological garden In his play The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses a multitude of symbols. From these symbols, there comes a deeper understanding of the relationships between the plays four characters. The most obvious symbol in this play is Lauras folderol menagerie, representing the world she lives in. Another recurring symbol is that of the fire escape. remote the fire escape is the dance hall, a symbol for the reality of the outside world. Candles and rainbows are often mentioned in the play and carry a variety of meanings. each symbol is a concrete substitution used to express a particular theme, idea, or character. One of the most obvious symbols in this play is Lauras glass menagerie. The glass menagerie is what keeps Laura occupied its the world she lives in. It is a representation of Lauras family, a representation of their isolation from the rest of the world. The Wingfields exist in a separate world, tomcat lives in his dreams, Amanda lives in the past and Laura lives in her world of glass animals. When Jim enters the illusory world of the Wingfields, he is able to relive parts of his high school glory. notwithstanding he can onl... ...5 March 2000. 15 March 2000 *http//hipp.gator.net/glass_alligator_review.html*. Kahn, Sy. Modern American Drama Essays in Criticism. Edited by Willima E. Taylor. Deland, Florida. Everette/Edwards Inc., 1968. 71-88 Kapcsos, Kristal. The Glass Menagerie. Online posting. 13 Nov. 2000. The Glass Menagerie 21 Nov. 2000 *http//www.mccnic.mohave.az.us/wcb/schools/NMC/dl/dtimpson/1/forums/forum12/me.../26.html*. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature Reading, Writing, Thinking. 5th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston Bedford, 1999. 1865-1900

Frank Vincent Zappa :: Musician Biography

Frank Vincent Zappa was born in the city of Baltimore, Maryland on December 21, 1941. He came from Greek, Arab, Sicilian and French decent, inheriting the Greek and Arab from his Father, and the Sicilian and French from his Mother (Zappa 15). Franks childhood home was in the town of Edgewood, Maryland in the Army housing facility (16) where his Dad worked as a meteorologist at the Edgewood Arsenal (19). Because Frank kept getting sick in Maryland, his parents decided to move down to Florida (22). Franks Mother got homesick so they moved back to Maryland. This time they moved into the city of Baltimore, but no one in the family particularly enjoyed it there so they packed up and headed west for California (23).It was in California where Frank developed his interest in explosives, as he already had learned how to make gunpowder at the age of six (24). While Frank was reloading a used firework provide between his legs with some of his secret formula (which consisted mainly of filed Pi ng-Pong ball dust and single-shot caps), he accidentally pressed down too hard on the single shot caps, and they ignited, nearly rendering him unable to have children, as well as making a small crater in the account and blowing the doors open (26).Frank did not learn from this, however. It would not be until he and some friends managed to fill some paper cups with solid rocket fuel and be bomb powder, and started fires all throughout the school on open house night that would make him stop. This ingenious act got him expelled, and brought an end to Franks scientific career (27).Aside from exploding things, Frank also had an interest in music, when at the age of twelve he began to get interested in the drums. In 1956 he was playing the drums for a rhythm-and-blues band called the Ramblers, but he was eventually fired because the other members of the band complained that he played the cymbals too much (29-30) Another melodious interest of his was Edgard Varse, a man who, according t o Frank, looked like a mad scientist. His music contained sirens, snare drums, bass drums, and even a lions roar. Frank absolutely love it (31-32). Aside from Varse, Frank also liked Stravinsky, for he had bought The Rite of Spring performed by The World-Wide Symphony Orchestra, and he loved that almost as much as he loved Varse.

Dove and Hawk View of Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers fc

shift and Dove Views of the Iraq WarOn March 18, 2003 the United States invaded Iraq. (The Washington Post) The War with Iraq is a truly divisive issue around the world. Turn on any news show and you will see a daily debate on the pros and cons of pass to war. Because of the situations that have occurred between the United States and Iraq, very different views and perceptions have developed. Much debate on the justification of the United States for being in Iraq, let merely overthrowing its government, has been presented from both sides the Hawks and the Doves.My perception sees it like this. There are basically two different views of this war, one view being that of a Hawk and the just about other view being that of a Dove. The ideology of the Hawk symbolizing strength, sternness, and the notion of seeing what it wants and taking it and the Dove which normally symbolizes peach, love, and harmony, to me seems to be a perfect agree for icons of these two views.Hawks idealisti cally are mostly republican/conservative in the political scheme of things. The United States and the world had a duty to disarm a page nation like Iraq. ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was a tyrant that had demonstrated a complete disregard for human life and needed to be brought to justice. The flock of Iraq are an oppressed people, and the world has a duty to help these people. The oil reserves of the region are necessary to the worlds economy. The WORLD not just the United States. An element like Saddam and his regime threatens the oil reserves of the entire region. The practice of appeasement only fosters even bigger tyrants. Saddam had continuously reneged on promises made to disarm any weapons and follow UN resolutions made. The removal of Saddam Hussein and his regime would uphold previous UN resolutions and give the body some credibility. By removing Saddam from power, the world of the future is safer from terrorist attacks.Rush Limbaugh is a very famous journalist and radio pe rsonality. He is noted for his Republican/conservative, somewhat impudence ways of bringing to light topics with such Debatable justifications. Limbaugh denounces those who are urging restraint against force on Baghdad. "Everybody and their uncle is begging us not to go into Iraq the Europeans, the western hemisphere Germans, the Saudis," Limbaugh said. "While everybody wants regime change, they dont have the guts to... ... to be one common denominator between these very different points of view and that is incomplete side of this issue has ever so stated that they wanted or strived for the goal of going to war. This is called the human factor. No matter which side of the fence you are on here neither side still look ats in the morals of a nation and its people, know the differences between right and wrong and have a love for human life. The Hawks believe enough is enough and that the U.S. must stand up and end this madness of putting our country in harms way. The Doves believe this to but believe there is a better way of obtaining this goal and that is by peaceful talks and compromises coinciding with mutual agreement of the entire world. Whether a person is a Hawkish or Dovish, in the end it probably comes down to their values, their knowledge of the issues, their social upbringings, their politics, and maybe their religion or lack thereof.Works CitedBalz, Dan and Jim VandeHie. dean Stands By His Objections to Iraq War. The Washington Post. 16 Dec 2003.     .Kovacs, Joe. Rush Limbaugh Blast Iraq on 9-11. World Net Daily. Aug 2002.     .

Japanese Aum Lesson For The World :: essays research papers fc

JAPANESE AUMS LESSON FOR THE WORLDOn 20 March 1995, Aum members simultaneously released the chemical nerve agent sarin on several capital of Japan subway trains, killing 12 people and injuring up to 6,000 more. Todays law enforcement is constantly dealing with smaller and smaller terrorist groups. Through out(p) history, large armies take aim fought battles, notwithstanding today individuals fight battles. With modern technology and an open market for weapons of mass destruction, terrorism has reached a level obtainable by even the smallest groups. The Japanese Aum taught the world a lesson on how easily an organization can threaten a nation with chemical and biological terrorism.The Aum Shinrikyo (meaning the Aum Supreme Truth) was built on the tactual sensation of one man being the christ. Chizuo Matsumoto was born blind in one eye and partially sighted in the other to an extremely poor journeyman of straw mats. As a young boy, Chizuo attended local schools, dreamt of being a l eader, and even boasted to peers of one day being the Prime Minister of Japan. Chizuo went out to find wealth with his disadvantages and came up with a plan that startinged a cult, the Aum Shinrikyo. Under this new cult Chizuo was named Shoko Asahara, due mostly in part to a messiah needing a more flashy name (Kaplan, 12). This new self-made messiah has proved that anyone with a little charisma can influence people to do extraordinary acts that would normally not be considered. Unlike other leaders of terrorist organizations, for example bin Laden, Asahara did not have a lot of money to start a new organization. This is only one example of how easy it was for one charismatic person to get an organization ready for an attack with chemical and biological weapons.The Aum Supreme Truth organization was established in 1985 with Asahara as the modern-day messiah. Very quickly, Aum collected a large following through various means, including, but not limited to, leafleting and driveway c orner proselytizing (Susumu, 387). Aums classes on yoga, herbal healing and meditation also played a part. Additionally, Aum owned a count of computer stores, bookstores and noodle shops through which it was able to gain recruits. Using these methods for enrollment, the Aum was able to gather a following for the new messiah to lead them to peace and tranquility. These acts of street corner recruitment and storefront displays showed that there is no place safe from a terrorist organizations reach to influence the public mind.

Japanese Aum Lesson For The World :: essays research papers fc

JAPANESE AUMS LESSON FOR THE WORLDOn 20 March 1995, Aum members simultaneously released the chemical substance nerve agent sarin on several Tokyo subway trains, killing 12 people and injuring up to 6,000 more. Todays law enforcement is eer dealing with smaller and smaller terrorist groups. Throughout history, large armies have fought battles, but today individuals fight battles. With modern technology and an open market for weapons of mass destruction, terrorist act has reached a level obtainable by in time the smallest groups. The Japanese Aum taught the world a lesson on how easily an giving medication can threaten a country with chemical and biological terrorism.The Aum Shinrikyo (meaning the Aum Supreme Truth) was built on the belief of one man being the messiah. Chizuo Matsumoto was born blind in one eye and part sighted in the other to an extremely poor craftsman of straw mats. As a young boy, Chizuo attended local schools, dreamt of being a leader, and even boasted to p eers of one day being the Prime Minister of Japan. Chizuo went out to find wealth with his disadvantages and came up with a plan that started a passion, the Aum Shinrikyo. Under this new cult Chizuo was named Shoko Asahara, due mostly in part to a messiah needing a more flashy name (Kaplan, 12). This new self-made messiah has proved that anyone with a little charisma can influence people to do extraordinary acts that would normally not be considered. Unlike other leaders of terrorist organizations, for example salt away Laden, Asahara did not have a lot of money to start a new organization. This is only one example of how easy it was for one charismatic psyche to get an organization ready for an attack with chemical and biological weapons.The Aum Supreme Truth organization was established in 1985 with Asahara as the modern-day messiah. Very quickly, Aum amass a large following through various means, including, but not limited to, leafleting and street corner proselytizing (Susum u, 387). Aums classes on yoga, herbal healing and surmisal also played a part. Additionally, Aum owned a number of computer stores, bookstores and noodle shops through which it was able to gain recruits. Using these methods for enrollment, the Aum was able to gather a following for the new messiah to lead them to peace and tranquility. These acts of street corner recruitment and storefront displays showed that there is no place safe from a terrorist organizations reach to influence the public mind.

Development across the lifespan

Growing old is another phase of our lives that is often perceived negatively and with apprehension. American society values youth and vitality and effectuality which to the antique postulate become diminished and with it the sense of self-esteem and importance (Berger, 2001). Everyone dreads becoming old, especially if it is equated with sickness, memory loss and helpless(prenominal)ness. To ease the anxiety of becoming one of the aged, it is all-important(a) that one is aware of the possible changes that would happen as you age.Knowledge of the changes that you will experience as the natural course of develop will help you better divvy up with it and probably actively bring forth an active role in growing old gracefully. At present much has been discovered about the developmental challenges of the elderly but this was not the case in the early years of developmental psychology. Developmentally speaking, old age was not given the attention it deserved in the past. Psychologist s were more concerned with the development of human creations from birth to adulthood (Shaffer, 1999).It was assumed by many that old age is a period wherein the physical strength and will decrease, mental surgical process will become slower and ultimately will affect ones psychological well-being. However, it was also evident that the force at which an individual can age gracefully depends on the quality of his/her younger life. But for those who are past their prime and whose youth have been less than ideal, it is not too late to change how we perceive becoming old.As we age, it is normal for our dust to change and lose its strength and vitality and healthy bodily functioning (Petersen, 1996). This is brought about by the daily wear and tear that our bodies have been subjected to and just like any other antique piece of furniture it becomes frail and of necessity extra care and attention. For females, menopause can signal old age and for some it is the most difficult stage in ones life. Males usually have to wall with lost vigor and physical strength.Coupled with this is the onset of several illnesses and physical discomforts like arthritis, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, diabetes and the more commonality failing eyesight, interview loss and diminished taste buds. Likewise, endurance and physical strength continue to decrease and chores like mowing the lawn, gardening, cleaning the house, going to the grocery and other strenuous activities have to be sacrificed simply because your body cannot take it anymore.This does not mean that you should altogether stop doing any physical activity, exercise is still important as it keeps your body functioning well, the key is moderation. The elderly also tend to have sensitive digestive systems and some diseases require special diets, thus the elderly need to proctor their food intake and dealing with food restrictions can be frustrating for some. Others experience bowel difficulties, problems with digestion and metabolism disorders. As you age, the worst physical change you could baptismal font is the lost of control over your bladder and bowels.It is almost frightening to think of but this is a reality that many of us experience when we get to a certain age. How we deal with these changes depends on our resiliency and attitude. If we anticipate these changes, then we become more prepared for it and accepting it as a natural course of ageing will help us effectively adjust in this stage. With old age, ones mental big businessman also suffers, forgetfulness is common, attention span becomes shorter, minginess is limited and problem result ability wanes (Berger, 2001).However, recent research shows that mental functioning is physiologically based on our brain cells and mental activities like reading, writing, solving puzzles and artwork can keep our brain cells healthy and then stave off the deterioration of our mental functioning. Because the elderly often feel tired afterwards doing some activity they do not have the energy to pursue mental activities like reading and crossword puzzles. Moreover, most of the elderly face the video set day in and day out which does not help our brain cells at all.Mental ability can also be enhanced with favorable interaction and discourse, which means that the elderly need someone that they can relate with on a regular basis so as to keep their brains from withering. wag cells can also benefit from vitamins and minerals that would keep the brain healthy however, one should be cautious of taking supplements because it also inadvertently affects the kidney and liver. One of the most common illnesses of the elderly that affects mental functioning is Alzheimers disease it is both a painful and difficult condition that puts a strain in their family and their lives.There is no panache of telling that one will not become afflicted with Alzheimers but to make a conscious effort to keep our mental ability working wi ll keep it from deteriorating. Old age can also significantly affect psychological well-being. In this culture being old is frowned upon and is not treated with the respect and deference that other cultures have for their elders (Petersen, 1996). Being old is synonymous with helplessness, dumbness and even craziness for some the elderly is often emotionally abused or bullied by others through name calling and ignoring their opinions and ideas.For those who are better off economically can afford to pay someone to take care of them and then spend time by themselves or with a support group. But just the same, they have to deal with diminished self-esteem, self-worth, loneliness and the unfitness to have control over their lives. The quality of life of the elderly can be improved by adopting a positive attitude about being old, accepting that all people grow old and if one is old, then that means that one is still alive.The quality of relationships of the elderly could either suffer or become better as one ages, some people find it difficult to relate to the elderly while strained relationships are often decide when a persons ages due to the realization that family and relationships are more important. In the past, old age have been associated with wisdom as it is something that comes with age and this is what our young people should consider and what yourselves should claim to have. Erik Erikson (Murray, 1990) says old age is associated with the crisis of wisdom versus despair.That is, if one has lived a full life and then gains wisdom in old age, while those who have failed to reach out something in their life suffer from despair or regretting not being able to do what they wanted to do in their lives. Being old is not such a bad thing, one gets special attention in ones family, one gets to indulge their grandchildren, one does not have to theatre children, one gets away with mistakes and blunders, one can laugh at ones self and finally, one can do the thing s that younger, more rational and self-aware adults would not dare to do like shimmy while waiting in line.

Goal essy

Goal of Passing Mathematics, the abstract science of number, quantity, and space. Mathematics may be examine in its own right, or as it is applied to opposite disciplines such as physics and engineering. Math has been a dreadful subject for me since grade school. I recall asking myself as a child why arent I skilled in maths as I am all my other subjects? crying and frustration would always be the result of attempting to complete a problem. There is some type of mental blockage when it comes to math. My past experiences with the subject form whole made my future encounters with it worse.My problem is math. I am failing the course and the very idea drives me to insanity, sadness, and contravention. I recall being in the 1 lth grade and dreading walking into 7th period which happened to be algebra. The nett class ending the day is supposed to be Joyful and a sign of gratification that soon one can go home. Unfortunately for me it was a 60 minute period of horror and begrudge . Ms. Hong my teacher was a light woman with little patience. She was introducing a new topic to the class and of course I did non retain or master the concept to slay the beast of the problem. severally student was to brook and omplete one problem and that problem was to be checked off for accuracy upon exiting. Needless to say I was the last man left sitting. Crying my eye out there I was in the back of class qualification multiple miserable attempts to complete the problem and scram. Why on this day did we soak up to disc everywhere quadratic formulas? Plugging in variables with numbers and using long formulas with squares and square roots were passing to be the death of me. I remember Ms. Hong walking over to me and comprehend my tears, yet she had no remorse for them. She calmly and nonchalantly said l know its painful except you must finish.Embarrassment and warmth came across my slopped cheeks as she said those painful words to me. I tried and tried yet my best was n ot good enough. After ten excruciating minutes she ridd me from my Jail cell atmosphere of a classroom. both test re rancid bleed with a fat red D or F. each test killed my self-reliance and put it in a place where it couldnt be revived. Study students you must study students is what she always told us. I always felt as though math was a subject that cannot be studied. How does one study numbers? was a question that riddled my mind each time she said such.Homework assignments were Just as grave receiving after being corrected. Red marks scratched my white paper repeadly. I never knew where I was going wrong, I tried, yet I seemed to set out or remain at the equal pace. Tenth grade geometry was no better. The abstract and oddly named shapes mixed with numbers and formulas further raddled my brain. This time math was the first subject of the day. Each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday morning I woke up with the notion of perhaps faking sick, or somehow skipping class Just to avoid my encounter with the monster. I never went along with either of my nutty schemes.I went to class preparing myself to be confused for an hour. Every homework assignment was turned in on time but each problem was as wrong as two left feet. Sitting in class waiting tor homework and quizzes to be returned was an anxious, nerve pace feeling. My heart would beat nearly out of my chest, then sink to my feet once I saw that ugly, ugly red F or D. this feeling was not a new one by any means. Can you say da Ja vu? Where had I felt this feeling or been in this predicament before, only in every math class Id ever taken thats where. The concept of studying math was still foreign to me.Attempting homework assignments were troubling enough. Minutes turned into hours Just to complete them. Flipping of magazine pages, reading of novels, and munching on snacks stole a lot of my time. Distraction mixed with frustration is never a good convention for doing math homework. Each chapter had gotten mo re complex as well as each quiz did. I remember taking our end of the term final. Every chapter beginning from one through seven was on the final. Problems from each chapter and section where going to be on the exam. I had worked what I thought was to be hard to ensure my passing of the exam.Staying up late into the ee hours of the morning looking over notes and trying Oh so desperately to memorize formulas was my version of studying. On the last day of class the exam was issued. I was extremely nervous and anxious to flip what seemed to be never ending pages of the exam. My hands were sweaty with each turn. As I peeked through each problem my heart beat like a marching band drum. For I couldnt remember how to solve the majority of the problems, devastation move across me. As I would solve each problem my mind would mix and transfer the ways and steps to execute each problem. Another failing math grade is what I received.A dissatisfying letter grade of a D stuck out like a sore thu mb on my attractive brood card of As and Bs. I believe the problem began when I was in the 8th grade. I was taking pre algebra. I had a teacher that gave me an undeserving passing grade. Each day she taught the class was noisy, and out of control. Talkative students gagged and gossiped about fashion, what gross slop for lunch was served, and who was dating who. I too at times had a sense of hearing ear towards the conversations, but for the majority of each class I tried firecly to pay attention. Homework was never turned in nor checked for ccuracy.The students ran the class, coming and going as they pleased. The instructor, Ms. Armstrong was Just an merely adult that was invisible. She gave me passing grade of a B. why she did such I lead never know. Perhaps she passed my peers and I so we would not have to repeat her course, and she could kiss us goodbye for a last and final time. I recollect the class being a free period, perhaps another lunch break one might say. My ignoranc e of pre algebra molded my failing future in math. Not knowing the basics made the concepts in high school and even college challenging to attempt and understand.It is like the old saying you cant know where youre going if you dont know where youVe been. In this occurrence the past info was vital to my future success in math. I never developed nor was shown the key elements as a tot how to be successful in math. I never took tutoring seriously no one could get through to me to make my understanding clear. I had tutor after tutor and with each my knowledge of math remained the same dark and dreary. My first passing math grade set me back. My happiness of the beautiful B was only a fapde. I wish instantly that the tools and knowledge of math would have been instilled in me.The act ot studying math is real, tor it is not Just numbers, but it is tn memorization and constant practice of applying formulas and using the concepts in the daily world. Till this day I long to complete a math problem correctly. I still walk into class Just the same as I did as a girl scared, nervous and begrudging sitting for an hour learning and listening about numbers mixed with letters and godforsaken symbols. As a young adult in college I am still currently failing math I am determined to compound my lifelong struggle with math. I have troika resolutions to passing my mouth course. The first consist of seeing my professor for office hours.I will see him third times a week, for a hour if possible. I will come to the designated office hours with detailed questions on my notes. I will review my notes before seeing my professor and high light any and all problems that brought confusion. I will excessively ask for him to create new mountains of problems for me to climb. After successfully completing iii problems in a row I will go and complete any homework that is assigned. My second resolution will be to complete any homework that is assigned on the day that it is accustomed in d oing so I will have the newly material fresh in my memory, making the ssignment more easily to attempt.This strategy will also save time. I will not have to flip through notes nor my text book as a reference on how to solve problems. My third resolution is to begin to voice my confusion while in class. I will no overnight sit bewildered, lost, and frustrated. I will change my military capability into optimism. If I can conceive a thought, I can make it happen. No longer will I think negatively or begrudgingly but I will embrace the opportunity of learning a new concept and mastering it. At the sight of a problem that is unclear to me I will immediately raise y hand and ask for clarification.Leaving class with an understanding of what occurred will also lead to my success in completing homework and conquering my fear of Goliath the math subject. My failing of math deceases here with my three strategies. My new attitude and optimistic thinking will further aid in my success of recei ving a passing grade in math. Meeting with my professor consistently three times a week for a hour, voicing my confusion while in class and lastly completing my homework assignments on the day given will result in an A letter grade that I have always longed for.

Critical Analysis Worksheet Essay

Perform a critical analysis of from each one reading using critical persuasion techniques from this weeks readings.Respond to the following based on your critical thinking analysis of the Common Core and The Battle Against Common Core Standards readings.1) unsex the term conclusion.Aside from being the obvious result or closing, a conclusion is also a proposition concluded or inferred from the premises of an air as defined by dictionary.com. This means, the conclusion is a final logically reasoned deduction.2) What is the conclusion of each article?The conclusion from the Common Core stance is that students will learn the essentials for success in college and business prior to graduating high inculcate. The conclusion for those that are in The Battle Against Common Core Standards is that implementing these standards is politically motivated and not in the best interest of students.See to a greater extent how to write an analysis3) Define the term premises.The premise is the basi s of support for a assumption conclusion.4) What premises support the conclusions in each article?Those working against common core implementation cite government control due to the funding provided to school districts and lack of proof that the system works as basic reasons for their conclusions. Those in favor of common core cite better prepared graduating students, a more educated workforce, and standardization amongst students. The article indicated that if districts had to define their own educational standards, they would startby seeking out common core standards.5) How convincing is the conclusion of each article? Explain your answer. I was more convinced by the arguments in favor of implementing common core standards. I noticed more bias in Smiths article against common core implementation. I was more convinced by Sells article because of the objectivity.6) Define the term biases.A bias is a particular dendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consi deration of a quesiton prejudice according to dictionary.com. Anything that prevents someone from objectively drawing a conclusion is a bias.7) What biases did you observe in each article? Why do you think they are biases?While the Common Core article objectively defined common core and explained its function all of the sources cited were supportive of implementing common core standards. The article would advance the opposition and then Sell would quote someone in favor of common core. Smiths title alone lets you know that this is an opposing argument. The article is politically motivated. Throughout the article, Smith discusses democratic initiatives and states relinquishing their right to control.8) What might be the sources of the biases in each article?Personal expertise is the initial bias. Perhaps they have a tiddler that has fallen below common core standards. Living in a state that has already implemented common core values, I have dealt with alike(p) tests as both a stu dent and parent. While I was able to pass them with ease, I have witnessed students taken them multiple times to no avail. Those politically motivated are driven by funding and votes. Its hard to determine if their focus is genuine or if ulterior motives are present. I grant my personal bias with regard to choosing or opposing common core.ReferencesBias. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/biasConclusion. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/conclusionPremise. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/premiseSell, M. (2013). Common core. McClatchy Tribune Business news Washington.Smith, H.K. (2013, March). The battle against common core standards. FreedomWorks, Retrieved from www.freedomworks.org Link to the articlehttp//www.freedomworks.org/blog/rousseau/the-battle-against-common-core-standards

Comparison of Two Texts, “One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest” and “to Kill a Mocking Bird” Essay

How do the authors of To Kill a Mockingbird and One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest use literary techniques to explore the creations of closing off?Isolation and courage in the score of racism and discrimination is an analogous concept explored in Harper Lees smart To Kill a Mockingbird and batch Keseys novel One flew over the cuckoos nest. The authors exemplify the conflicts of closing off displayed by the protagonists and glorifies a broad range of literary techniques to foreshadow the ideas contrasted deep down the novels. The historical, cultural and social honours of indian lodge atomic number 18 prefigured end-to-end the novels displaying the authors ideas and wisdoms of isolation in humanity. Through various literary techniques, the text edition creators use social, cultural and historical settings to explore the theme of isolation illustrated by conflict of social isolation within the novels.Discrimination and racism of isolation are explored in both novels. Harper L ees novel To land a mocking bird displays the isolation of racism within the conflicts of the protagonist, whilst Ken Keseys, One flew over the cuckoos nest discriminatory isolation within the social, cultural and historical values of order of magnitude. Harper Lees Novel To kill a mocking bird was published on July 11th 1960 this during a time of racial discretion making the novel such a controversial text. To kill a mocking bird illustrates isolation in the form of racism, displayed by the main conflict of the novel thus demonstrating the involvement of isolation within the text. This involvement of isolation is foreshadowing the idealism of the addresss within the text, evoking the endorser perception to be controlled by the author. This isolation is demonstrated with the case of Tom Robinson being accused of rape due to his racial scratch colour. This racial form of isolation is present within modern daytime society, within social values. You arent really a nigger-lover, t hen, are you?, I certainly am. I do my vanquish to love everybody Im hard put, sometimesbaby, its never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poorthat person is, it doesnt hurt you. (11.107-109).Racial isolation is a historical connection positioning the reader to reconnect to events within our own history . Well if we came out durin the elder Testament its too long ago to matter, Thats what I thought, said Jem, but near here once you have a drop of Negro blood, that makes you all black. (Line, 16, Page, 78-81) This quote illustrates the questioning of the solid grounds for racism within society and referrers back to religious beliefs of equality. As children savouring to digest a reason just because it is stated by society is almost an impossible feet. The relationship formed between Tom and the reader through and throughout the story allows the reader to experience with his circumstances. Social Statues of Keseys One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest delivers the social ranking of society within the hospital ward. Racial discrimination of modern day values is brought upon within the aspects of the ward.The head nurses are of ethnic skin colour whilst the boys below that clean the ward and look after the patients are of black skin colour. The author reflected the discrimination of social statues in the ward as it is in society, this positions the reader to see the valued connections and perceptions being delivers by the author. This discrimination also occurs within Lees To Kill a Mocking Bird. Tom Robison is on trial for case not committed, but has been accused because he is a erect black man. Within the course of this novel the reader recognises the traits of innocence within all characters , as the course of the novel proceeds the innocents of all characters fades, connection to the overarching allegory to kill a mocking bird, therefore to kill the innocents of the characters .Kesey and Lee both use the characte rs to annotate the social issue of isolation within society. Ken Keseys One flew over the cuckoos nest was written during 1962. 1962 was known as the granting immunity summer, which developed the fight for civil rights among black the great unwashed in the US and worldwide. This historical setting of One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest influenced the ideologies throughout the inscription of this novel. Ken Kesey developed his conceptual ideas of isolation through the setting of the characters. These concepts are developed through the protagonists, B Randle Patrick McMurphy and Nurse ratchet. McMurphy challenges all aspects of rules and regulations within the psychiatric ward. McMurphys rebellion forces the reader toobserve his taking into custody of insanity.The ward is a fable of a social statement being make by the author, perceiving society as the same as the ward controlled, infra authority and McMurphy is an example of chaos, change, and hope for the patients within the ward it self. I hide in the mop closet and listen, my heart beating in the dark, and I try to keep from viewting scared, try to get my thoughts off someplace else-try to think back and remember things about the village and the big Columbia River , (chapter 1, lines page, 121, line 23). McMurphys actions throughout the novel are foreshadowed thus positioning the reader to question if hes truly insane And the third boy mutters, Of course, the very character of this plan could indicate that he McMurphy is simply a shrewd con man, and not mentally ill at all. Chapter 2, Line.1, .Page 32-37). The relationship between nurse Ratchet and McMurphy is a realistic display of modern society and underling compressed issues. McMurphys constant display of rebellion indicates the social connection between modern society and inheritance of the ward. Kesey expresses his ideologies of social society of both locations by the narration of Chief. Good morning, Miss Rat-shed Hows things on the outside?, You can t run around here-in a towel, No? He looks down at the part of the towel shes eye to eye with, and its wet and skin tight. Towels against ward policy too? Well, I guess theres nothin to do exec-, Stop Dont you dare. You get back in that dorm and get your clothes on this instant (1.8.42-55) This quote illustrates the rebellion of McMurphy and the frustration of disruption of Nurse Ratchet. McMurphys actions contrast the ideas of the reader positioning the reader to see the value behind his rebellion. Courage within One flew over the cuckoos nest and To kill a mocking bird is a widely be theme delivering the incandescent philosophies displayed through the character relationships. Within Keseys novel Chief Bromden foreshadows the example of courage. The silence of his character is a representation of his voice within the novel.Chief a schizophrenic notices the fabricated world of the ward he is a personal protagonist within the text. Chief is recognised as a man with lost intelligence and ability to function by the patients of the ward. This secret is broken from the authority of the ward by the rebellion of McMurhpy. Chief is foreshadowed by the token of a broom this demonstrates his ideas of the ward being a place to distress any form of rebellion withinmodern society. McMurphy is therefore a juxtaposition of the broom and what it stands for, illustrating chaos and the cure to the patients. The Symbolism of Keseys novel allows the reader to gain a vivid view of the philosophies that are foreshadowed by the author through the characters. These ideas evoke reliability with the reader, thus positing the reader to connect the philosophies of Chief with the character personality of McMurphy. One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest is a novel that illustrates the struggles towards sanity by chief. His narrations of the novel display his hardship and philosophies of McMurphy and Nurse Ratchets roles within the novel and the analogous connections within society during the 60 s. Chief illustrates his courage towards the reader through his silence through the course of the novel.Literary techniques in both texts are the basis of foreshadowing philosophies and ideas that are put forth to the reader by the authors. Imagery is vivid illustrated within One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Fog is resented as an alluded authority that restores isolation within the ward. The fog is only vivid to Chief, thus the author uses this to forces the reader to interpret the ideas of the author, evoking a gentle tone. The mocking bird within To Kill a Mocking Bird is an overarching metaphor and motif. The metaphor symbolises innocence and purity, thus the innocence of Tom Robinson in his racial discriminatory rape case, or the purity of the children within a small social town. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it Chapter 1, Page 30. The children are opened to the event of Tom as the text carries on the children begin to question the motive of the case and the social contention its making. This metaphor induces the political statement made by Lee, positioning the reader to connect the social, cultural and philosophical issues to modern day society.Tone is an important aspect of these texts. Tone allows the author to let their ideas be identified by the reader, this positioning the reader to forebode the events of the text. Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest enables the sympathy of the reader a appealing tone shows compassion felt by the author towards the patients and illustrates the humanity and dignitystill apprehended by the patients. The tone displays the perception of truth by the patients although they are restrained they still obtain freedom to go when pleased. The tone represented within Lees, To Kill a Mocking Bird is also sympathetic to the forms of isolation positioning the reader to recognise and relate the isolation within social a spects of society.Symbolism is an important literary technique that displays the depth of a text and the connections of symbols to the protagonists. Kesey uses the idea of keys as a statement of authority by the nurses. This authority is therefore broken by McMurphy when he steals the keys, this positions the reader to connect the ideas of isolation towards society and the forms of rebellion that are associated. Lee uses the mocking bird as a metaphor but also a symbol within his text. The bird represents freedom of oppression by trusted aspects of society. The oppression of political and racial analysis is broken by Scout. Scout questions the narrow philosophies and values of society Lee uses the character of scout to make a social statement of the values of oppression within all aspects of society. This use of symbolism position the reader to question the holiness of society and its racial opinions formed.Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is explored in Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Keseys novel One flew over the cuckoos nest. Isolation is explored within the main themes, techniques and symbolism of the texts. The social, historical and cultural settings and connections raise the reader with an understanding of the philosophies and ideas presented by the author displaying isolation through the protagonists, settings and literary techniques.Bibliography1. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. United States Viking Press & Signet Books, 1962. Print. 2. Lee, Harper, To Kill a Mockingbird, London Vintage, 2004. Print.

The Evolution of Art

Stacie Mueller Art 100 Professor Morris 24 February 2012 The Evolution of Art To even begin to define artworkistic production, we must maintain a starting point in history where something was first perceived as art. The question begs, though, why do we perceive it as art? To seek up the word in a dictionary, you will find the term aesthetics almost always applied to its rendering however, much of we call art nowadays is not exactly pleasing to the eye. Our delivering social attitudes have affected how art has been presented to us over time. We see depictions of hate, of war, of death, and many other forms of suffer and horror.Moreover, we must consider how technology and new(a) conveniences have allowed a greater realm in the world of art Photography and Photoshop programs, computer generated graphics, and applications for mapping with tablets and smart phones that allow us to modify images in an infinite number of ways. Loosely defined, the word art seems to be applied to almost anything The written word, photography, proceeding arts, computer graphics, commercial art, fashion, culinary, comics, and so on. For purposes of this research paper, however, the focus will be on the much concrete forms of art that weve come to know throughout history.The definition of art has surely shifted and changed over time and across cultures in this research paper we will explore how art has evolved. Art is many things to one person, and certainly carries different meanings for another person. However, anything and everything cannot be art or it would be difficult to appreciate arts true essence the quality that brings forth rumination and deliberation. Besides creativity, art takes deep thought, imagination, and accomplishes a specific goal. Artists help us see things that matter and give us a different perspective with a specific goal in mind.The earliest art was discovered on cave walls in Lascaux, France. Paintings on the walls included large numbers of anima ls in various activities, as well as humans. In Art A New History, Paul Johnson shows us the ingenuity of too soon artists Pestles and mortars were found at Lascaux, with the discovery of no less than 158 different mineral fragments from which the mixtures were made (9). Techniques of these early artists included engraving with flakes of sharp flint, spraying paint, and the lend oneself of stencils.The use of colors, binding agents and tools to get the material to the walls much(prenominal)(prenominal) as brushes, and blow tools, is remarkable for the time period. It appears that the purpose of the cave paintings was to tell a story as if the artists were attempting to make a connection with the animals they hunted and excessively feared (Getlein, 5). In the years since, many things have occurred in history affording great influence on art. The introduction of Christianity into the papist Empire created a dynamic, cultural shift over religious beliefs (Getlein, 345).Realism, w hich centered around depictions of everyday life, was seen in art during that period of time. As the Roman Empire shifted into the Byzantine Empire in the early Middle Ages, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was to become the state religion. Hence, Byzantium art glorified Christianity in attempt to express its mystery. The subject matter became primarily religious and imperial, sorrowful away from realism, while showing a more compressed, abstract style. Rather than depicting images of ordinary daily life, artists created more complex scenes that represented geniusual and heavenly splendor.Mosaic was a favored technique of Byzantium artists An example of this is the mosaic depicting Christ as Pantokrator in the Santa Maria la Nuova (Getlein, 350). During the early Middle Ages we saw emotions in art shift back to realism in Carolingian art. When the emperor Charlemagne was crowned king in 800, uniting Christianity with Roman beliefs, chapels were designed to rival Roman and Byzantine architecture. The Chapel of Charlemagne is a mighty example of Carolingian art Massive stone structure with an octagonal plan, mosaic decoration, and an interior framed by massive arches (Getlein, 15. 13).Some competition with Byzantium may also be implicit in Charlemagnes promotion of figural painting and carving, for he embraced and encouraged representational art at precisely the time when Byzantine rulers were renouncing images in favor of iconoclasm. The Romanesque period (1050 to 1200) gave us the proliferation of churches with thick stone walls, round arches and barrel vaulted stone ceilings. One such example is Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy (Getlein, 15. 14). Evolving from Romanesque style, Gothic art is more flowery. Churches are characterized by soaring interiors and large stained-glass windows.The Chartres Chapel exemplifies Gothic art in its flying buttresses and ornate towers (Getlein, 15. 18). During the late Middle ages, art became an even more powerful mea ns of storytelling. This was a common device of religious art of the Middle ages, for example in the frescoes by Giotto from the Church of San Francesco de Assisi, where sequences of panels were used to tell stories from the Scriptures or lives of saints (Getlein, 15. 26). The definition of art continues to change as we cross continents. The symbolism in African art, for example, was quite strong.The use of masks was one of the most interesting parts of their everyday life. Masks were meant to be kept in motion, as Getlein explains, because they represent the head or face of a spirit being that has appeared in the community (420). The nowo mask was used to represent the guiding spirit of Bondo, a womens organization that regulates female affairs. Bondo is an initiation that prepares young girls for womanhood. An central feature of the nowo mask is the rings around its base they are meant to represent a chrysalis, as girls emerge as women at the conclusion of Bondo (Getlein, 420).In more modern times weve seen various forms of isms Impressionism, Expressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Modernism, and Surrealism to name a few. Impressionist painting was perceived as working from outer appearances. Expressionistic artists intended to show a more inner dialogue, particularly with their use of color. The objective attention to appearances places Impressionism within the context Naturalism. While Naturalism and Realism are terms which are used interchangeably, the natural scientist is more impressed by the surface of things, such as the textures of fabric, the play of light, or the sheen of gold.The Realist tends to probe deeper into appearances, seeking the essence. Twentieth century Modernism is a reaction to Naturalism. Trevor Pateman describes Modernism as that which can be defined as being concerned with the inner, or subjective, at the expense of the outer, or objective (Pateman). The modernist viewed art as an agent of social change and even helped shape many p olitical movements. The Surrealist movement sought techniques which would permit essence to break through the illusions of appearance, accentuation imagery from dreams and fantasy.In this, Surrealists sought to act like Realists of the inner rather than the outer world. In all of these isms, however, there is a certain common ground a focus on people, nature scenes, and everyday items. We can see that art has gone through many evolutions, but even though the technology of today has created more mediums for the creation of art, I wouldnt say it has been transformed. Art, it seems, has forever been intended to speak the language of the unconscious mind. The human condition, nature, and events continue to capture the attention of artists. kit and boodle Cited Clowney, David. Definitions Of Art And Fine Arts Historical Origins. Journal Of Aesthetics & Art Criticism 69. 3 (2011) 309-320. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Getlein, Mark. Living With Art. 9th ed. New York McGra w-Hill, 2010. Print. Johnson, Paul. Painted Caves and whale Stones. Art A New History. New York HarperCollins, 2003. 7-16. Print. Keizer, Joost. Michelangelo, Drawing, And The Subject Of Art. Art Bulletin 93. 3 (2011) 304-324. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Pateman, Trevor. Isms Expressionism, Impressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Surrealism. Selectedworks. co. uk. N. p. , 2005. Web. 2 Mar. 2013

Hertz Corporation

ALTRIA GROUP, INC. (MO) 10-Q Quarterly report pursuant to sections 13 or 15(d) Filed on 07/26/2012 Filed geological issue 06/30/2012 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549 FORM 10-Q (Mark One) y QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the passly period end June 30, 2012 OR ? TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from o kick File Number 1-08940 Altria Group, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Virginia 13-3260245 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I. R. S. Employer Identification No. ) 6601 West resistant Street, Richmond, Virginia 23230 (Address of mavin executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrants telephone number, including bea code (804) 274-2200 Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last reportIndicate by check tell apart whether t he registrant (1) has commitd all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ? No ? Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its bodied Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232. 05 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ? No ? Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller describe company. down the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. life-sized accelerated filer ? Accelerated filer ? Non-accelerated filer ? (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ?Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ? No ? At July 16, 2012 , there were 2,032,833,474 voices outstanding of the registrants jet deport, par value $0. 33 1/3 per package. Table of confine ALTRIA GROUP, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PART I FINANCIAL development decimal point 1. mo meshworkary Statements (Unaudited) Condensed merge Balance Sheets at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 3 Condensed merge Statements of Earnings for the Six Months stop June 30, 2012 and 2011 5 Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 Condensed Consolidated Statements of universal Earnings for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 7 Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 8 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders candor for the Year Ended Decemb er 31, 2011 and the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 9 Condensed Consolidated Statements of hard cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 10 flavours to Condensed Consolidated mo crystallizeary Statements 12 Item 2. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 61 Item 4. Controls and Procedures 99 PART II OTHER INFORMATIONItem 1. Legal Proceedings 100 Item 1A. Risk Factors 100 Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 100 Item 5. Other Information 101 Item 6. Exhibits 102 Signature Signature 103 2- Table of Contents PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements. Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in megs of dollars) (Unaudited) June 30, 2012 December 31, 2011 Assets Consumer products hard currency and cash equivalents $ Receivables 1,528 $ 3,270 256 268 Leaf tobacco 799 934 Other stark naked materials 184 170 Work in process 269 316 Inventori esFinished product 432 Other current assets 1,779 1,207 Deferred income taxes 359 1,684 1,207 468 Property, plant and equipment, at cost 607 5,143 chalk up current assets 7,131 4,750 2,512 2,131 Goodwill 4,728 2,619 little accumulated depreciation 2,216 5,174 Other assets 12,098 6,486 Investment in SABMiller 5,174 12,088 Other intangible assets, net 5,509 472 1,257 31,494 33,385 3,012 Total consumer products assets 3,559 Financial services Finance assets, net Other assets 41 Total Assets $ 18 3,053 Total financial services assets 3,577 34,547 $ depend notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.Continued 3- 36,962 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Continued) (in millions of dollars, turn out grapple and per share data) (Unaudited) June 30, 2012 December 31, 2011 Liabilities Consumer products Current portion of long-term debt $ Accounts payable 600 $ 600 335 503 Marketing 581 430 Taxes, except income taxes 218 220 Accrued liabilities Employment be 110 225 Settlement charges 2,184 3,513 Other 1,217 1,311 Dividends payable 836 7,643 13,089 long-term debt 841 6,081 Total current liabilities 13,089 Deferred income taxes 5,074 4,751Accrued pension be 1,139 1,662 Accrued postretirement health care cost 2,367 2,359 Other liabilities 606 602 28,356 30,106 1,764 Total consumer products liabilities 2,811 Financial services Deferred income taxes Other liabilities 119 3,141 30,239 33,247 33 32 935 Total liabilities 330 1,883 Total financial services liabilities 935 Contingencies (Note 11) Redeemable noncontrolling interest Stockholders Equity Common stock, par value $0. 33 1/3 per share (2,805,961,317 shares issued) additive paid-in capital 5,647 Accumulated other comprehensive losses 5,674 24,334 Earnings reinvested in the business 3,583 (1,674) (1,887) Cost of repurchased stock (773,116,613 shares in 2012 and 761,542,032 shares in 2011) (24,969) (24,625) Total stockholders loveliness ascribab le to Altria Group, Inc. 4,273 3,680 2 3 Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders equity 4,275 Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity $ 34,547 See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 4- 3,683 $ 36,962 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 straighten out revenues $ 2011 12,134 $ 11,563 Cost of sales 3,878 3,825 Excise taxes on products 3,560 3,618 Gross profit 4,696 4,120 1,130 1,272 Marketing, administration and question costs Asset impairment and exit costs 37 3 Amortization of intangibles 10 11 3,519 2,834 Operating income Interest and other debt expense, net 586 Earnings in the beginning income taxes 572 (743) Earnings from equity enthronisation funds in SABMiller (344) 3,676 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 1,224 2,421 Net earnings 2,606 1,255 Provision for income taxes 1,3 82 (1 ) Net earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. (1) $ ,420 $ 1,381 Basic earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 1. 19 $ 0. 66 Diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 1. 19 $ 0. 66 $ 0. 82 $ 0. 76 Per share data Dividends declared See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 5- Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net revenues $ 2011 6,487 $ 5,920 Cost of sales 2,086 2,030 Excise taxes on products 1,907 1,918 Gross profit 2,494 1,972 596 671 16 1Marketing, administration and research costs Asset impairment and exit costs Amortization of intangibles 5 Earnings from equity investment in SABMiller 1,295 293 Interest and other debt expense, net 5 1,877 Operating income 294 (223) Earnings before income taxes (155) 1,807 581 Net earnings 712 1,226 Provision for income taxes 1,156 444 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (1 ) Net earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 1,225 $ 444 Basic earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 0. 60 $ 0. 21 Diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 0. 60 $ 0. 21 0. 41 $ 0. 38 Per share data Dividends declared See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 6- Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net earnings $ 2,421 2011 $ 1,382 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes property translation adjustments 1 61 64 154 135 Benefit plans Amounts reclassified to net earnings SABMiller Ownership share of SABMillers other comprehensive earnings before reclassifications to net earningsAmounts reclassified to net earnings (2 ) 5 152 205 2,634 Comprehensive earnings Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 140 213 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes 1,587 (1) Comprehensive earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 7- $ 2,633 (1) $ 1,586 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net earnings $ 2011 1,226 $ 444Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes cash translation adjustments 1 39 32 (23) 78 (5) 1 Benefit plans Amounts reclassified to net earnings SABMiller Ownership share of SABMillers other comprehensive (losses) earnings before reclassifications to net earnings Amounts reclassified to net earnings (28) 112 1,237 Comprehensive earnings Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 79 11 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes 556 (1) Comprehensive earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 8- $ 1,236 $ 556 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders Equity for the Year Ended December 31, 2011 and the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) Attributable to Altria Group, Inc. Common Stock (1) Earnings Reinvested in the Business Accumulated Other Comprehensive Losses Cost of Repurchased Stock Non-controlling Interests Total Stockholders Equity $ 935 Balances, December 31, 2010 Additional Paid-in Capital $ 5,751 $ 23,459 $ $ (23,469) $ $ (1,484) 3 5,195 3,390 1Other comprehensive losses, net of deferred income tax benefit (403) (403) Exercise of stock options and other stock award activity (77) 171 94 Cash dividends declared ($1. 58 per share) (3,266) Repurchases of parking area stock (1,327) Other Net earnings Balances, December 31, 2011 (3,266) (1) 935 5,674 23,583 3 3,683 2,420 2,420 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes 213 213 Exercise of stock options and other stock award activity (27) 16 (11) Cash dividends declared ($0. 82 per share) (1,669) Repurchases of common stock (360) (360) Balances, June 30, 2012 (1) (1,669) $ 935 $ 5,647 $ 24,334 $ (1,674) (24,625) (1) Net earnings (1) Other (1,887) (1,327) 3,391 $ (24,969) (1) $ 2 (1) $ 4,275 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests for the six months terminate June 30, 2012 and for the year ended December 31, 2011 exclude $1 million and $2 million, respectively, due to the redeemable noncontrolling interest think to Stags Leap Wine Cellars, which is reported in the mezzanine equity section in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 , respectively.See Note 11. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 9- Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Co ndensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 2011 Cash Provided by (Used In) Operating Activities Net earnings (loss) Consumer products $ 2,311 Financial services 110 Net earnings $ 1,962 (580) 2,421 1,382 Depreciation and amortization 113 121 Deferred income tax provision 299 132 (743) (344) (34) (24) (456) Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows Consumer productsEarnings from equity investment in SABMiller Asset impairment and exit costs, net of cash paid IRS payment related to LILO and SILO transactions Cash effects of changes Receivables, net 2 Inventories (12) 95 Accrued liabilities and other current assets (94) (251) Income taxes 130 (64) Accounts payable 5 58 Accrued settlement charges 58 (1,329) (1,398) Pension plan contributions (514) (209) Pension provisions and postretirement, net 85 122 Other 90 121 Financial services Deferred income tax benefit (1,270) PMCC leveraged le ase charges 7 Decrease to allowance for losses 10) Other liabilities (income taxes) 1,437 Other (529) 490 505 (21) See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. Continued 10- 23 (85) Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities 479 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 2011 Cash Provided by (Used In) Investing Activities Consumer products Capital expenditures $ Other (39) $ (3) (40) 1 Financial services Proceeds from finance assets 552 129 510 0 Net cash provided by investment activities 1,494 Cash Provided by (Used In) Financing Activities Consumer products Long-term debt issued Repurchases of common stock (360) (575) (1,674) Dividends paid on common stock (1,589) Issuances of common stock 29 Financing fees and debt issuance costs (23) (133) (155) (2,167) (819) Other Net cash used in financing activities Cas h and cash equivalents Decrease (1,742) Balance at beginning of period (250) 3,270 Balance at end of period $ 1,528 See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 11 2,314 $ 2,064Table of Contents Note 1. Background and origination of Presentation Background At June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. s pack and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries included Philip Morris USA Inc. (PM USA), which is in use(p) in the manufacture and sale of cigarettes and certain smokeless products in the United States John Middleton Co. (Middleton), which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of machine-made large cigars and pipe tobacco, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PM USA and UST LLC (UST), which through its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries including U.S. Smokeless tobacco Company LLC (USSTC) and Ste. Michelle Wine Estates Ltd. (Ste. Michelle), is engaged in the manufacture and sale of smokeless products and wine. Philip Morris Capital Corporation (PMCC), another wholly- owned subsidiary of Altria Group, Inc. , maintains a portfolio of leveraged and direct finance leases. In addition, Altria Group, Inc. held an approximate 27. 0% economic and voting interest in SABMiller plc (SABMiller) at June 30, 2012, which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Altria Group, Inc. s access to the operating cash flows of its wholly-owned subsidiaries consists of cash received from the payment of dividends and distributions, and the payment of interest on intercompany loans by its subsidiaries. In addition, Altria Group, Inc. receives cash dividends on its interest in SABMiller if and when SABMiller pays such dividends. At June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. s principal wholly-owned subsidiaries were not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their ability to pay cash dividends or make other distributions with respect to their common stock.Share Repurchases In October 2011, Altria Group, Inc. s Board of Directors authorized a $1. 0 billion share repurchase program, which Altria Group, Inc. intends to complete by the end of 2012 . During the six and three months ended June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. repurchased 11. 9 million shares (aggregate cost of approximately $360 million , and $30. 16 average price per share) and 2. 0 million shares (aggregate cost of approximately $66 million , and $32. 37 average price per share), respectively. As of June 30, 2012 , Altria Group, Inc. had repurchased a total of 23. million shares of its common stock under this program at an aggregate cost of approximately $688 million , and an average price of $29. 01 per share. The timing of share repurchases under this program depends upon marketplace conditions and other factors, and the program remains subject to the discretion of Altria Group, Inc. s Board of Directors. Basis of Presentation The interim condensed consolidated financial statements of Altria Group, Inc. are unaudited. It is the opinion of Altria Group, Inc. s management th at all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the interim results presented slang been reflected therein.All such adjustments were of a normal recurring nature. Net revenues and net earnings for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year. These statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes, which appear in Altria Group, Inc. s Annual base to Shareholders and which are incorporated by reference into Altria Group, Inc. s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Balance sheet accounts are segregated by two broad types of businesses.Consumer products assets and liabilities are classified as either current or noncurrent, whereas financial services assets and liabilities are unclassified, in uniformity with respective industry practices. During the second quarter of 2012, Altria Group, Inc. determined that it had not recorded in its financia l statements for the three months ended blemish 31, 2012, its share of non-cash gains from its equity investment in SABMiller, relating to SABMillers strategic alliance transactions with Anadolu Efes and Castel that were closed during the first quarter of 2012.Because Altria Group, Inc. did not record these gains, it understated by $342 million, $222 million and $0. 11 earnings from equity investment in SABMiller, net earnings/comprehensive earnings, and diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. , respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Additionally, Altria Group, Inc. understated its investment in SABMiller, long-term liability for deferred income taxes and total stockholders equity by $342 million, $120 million and $222 million, respectively, at March 31, 2012.There was no impact on net cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Altria Group, Inc. assessed the materiality of 12- Tab le of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) these understatements in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) rung Accounting Bulletin No. 99 Materiality and determined that the impact was not material to Altria Group, Inc. s financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2012.Accordingly, Altria Group, Inc. has determined that it is appropriate to revise its first quarter 2012 financial statements and has reflected this revision in the financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2012. Financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2012 reported in future filings will reflect this revision. Altria Group, Inc. s chief operating decision maker has been evaluating the operating results of the former cigarettes and cigars segments as a single smokeable products segment since January 1, 2012.The combination of these two formerly separate segments is related to the restructuring associated with the cost reduction program announced in October 2011 (the 2011 Cost Reduction course of study). Also, in connection with the 2011 Cost Reduction Program, effective January 1, 2012, Middleton became a wholly-owned subsidiary of PM USA, reflecting managements goal to achieve efficiencies in the management of these businesses. Effective with the first quarter of 2012, Altria Group, Inc. s reportable segments are smokeable products, smokeless products, wine and financial services.For further discussion on the 2011 Cost Reduction Program, see Note 2. Asset Impairment, Exit, murder and Integration Costs. Effective January 1, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. adopted new authoritative guidance that eliminated the option of presenting components of other comprehensive earnings as part of the statement of stockholders equity. With the adoption of this guidance, Altria Group, Inc. is reporting other comprehensive earnings in separate statements immedi ately following the statements of earnings. Note 2.Asset Impairment, Exit, Implementation and Integration Costs Pre-tax asset impairment, exit and implementation costs for the six and three months ended June 30, 2012 consisted of the following For The Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 Asset Impairment and Exit Costs For The Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Implementation (Gain) Costs Total Asset Impairment and Exit Costs Implementation Costs Total (in millions) Smokeable products $ 23 $ (12) $ 11 $ 16 $ 9 $ 25 Smokeless products 14 5 19 General corporate (1) (1 ) Total $ 37

US Imperialism in the Post-9/11 International Order

The history of the world is hitherto marked by the antagonisms in the economical aspects of the society. Since the existence of hierarchical orders in societal relations in governmental and economic relations were conceptualized, the contradictions between and among the decisive superpowers in the production process have long been made brutal and more explosive than some(prenominal) other points in human history. Hence, the development of the capitalist mode of production and its dominance as the worlds economic system gave way for the advancement of nation-states into imperialist supplys of the redbrick world.Contradictions among the classes in the society, between the industrialized countries and industrialized versus the colonies and semi-colonies, still intensified the differences and irreconcilable economic interests of the nations. These contradictions gave way for most of the worlds major catastrophic events like the First arena War and the Second World War, being, in reality, war between imperialist and industrialized powers secure their insatiable interests for the control of the grocery.Such nature of class antagonisms reflected the exploitation and oppressiveness that the motive forces experienced in the light of these economic restrictions in the present economic condition (Lenin 1916 IX). This essay would settle on the issues raised by the social movement of the United States vast economic, political, and social sphere of influence on most regions of the world. As the worlds only remaining superpower, the United States of America, maintains its structure in presenting and directing the trend of global diplomatic, military and economic affairs.US imperialist expanding upon would be studied in order to come up with the particular nature of the hegemony and provide infallible clarifications on the nature of imperialism, super-imperialism and inter-imperialism and if ever these terms are applicable and politically relevant in todays discu ssion of global relations. After the terror attacks become the pore of regional diplomatic and military roadmaps, United States role in overseas affairs became even more directed towards armed resolution of conflict as essential appendage of its imperialist hegemony (Stivachtis, 2007).Marxist analysis of the society in general and political economy in particular could mainly present the foundations of this discourse by which we would draw the explanation for such concepts of imperialism and monopoly capitalist hegemony in the economic, political, cultural and other societal structures that are essentially intertwined with this. To Marxists, imperialism is not simply the trend towards expansion or the conquest of foreign lands, as it is defined by most political scientists and sociologists.The word is used in a much more precise reason to describe the general changes which occurred in the political, economic and social activity of the big bourgeoisie of the advanced capitalist coun tries, beginning in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. These changes were closely related to alterations in the basic structure of this bourgeoisie (Germain 1955). With this definition, there are still varied interpretations of imperialism even among Marxists.Vladimir Lenins theoretical exposition on this discipline has long been accepted widely aft(prenominal) the Soviet Union molded a formidable economic and military superpower and directly/indirectly influenced the outcomes of revolutions in third world countries. The first and second world wars were the major eruption of these antagonisms and the world experienced an imperialist war over territories for the acquisition of raw materials for the industries and market for the surplus products of the capitalist western powers. A polarized global atmosphere boiled into wars that in reality, wars of expansion.The United States benefitted greatly from the war. It made the nation accumulate more neo-colonies after the defeat of the Axis powers in Europe and Asia. Hence, a conclusion can be derived from these events the United States, after its economy faced a major crisis in the 1930s, lacked war in order to boost its military industrial complex, obtain new territories as sources of industrial needs and market for over take ind goods, propel its strategical military positions overseas and contain the Soviet unions growing power and influence.Kautsky and Luxemburg, famous Marxists in Europe, clarified imperialism and presented yet another perspective on imperialist decimal point of the bourgeois capitalist system. Kautsky stated that imperialism is an absolute terminology to be applied to the interests of an industrial nation to expand its commercial realm by arguing that precisely an industrialized nation cannot sell all its products within industrialized nations so it has to look for nations with backward economies that do not have the technology and capacity to produce similar goods or products (G ermain 1955).Cox stipulated the mechanics of how the United States was able to control foreign markets and flooded with surplus goods. He argued that the Empire dominated these backward or lagging economies through with(predicate) intimidation by use of the military, alliance with the local elite thus assuring an elites government friendly, if not servile, to United States imperialist interests (Cox 2004 309). The reality of the economic primer coat of imperialist hegemony has not really subsided at the turn of the 21st century and even after the Socialist block has collapsed in the 1990s.In fact, the same contradictions n the political economy of the world, however, significant alterations have pervaded since and the resulting events are what the current United States ruling class faces. Robert Cox noted the events which shaped the present international order as end products of centuries of societal evolutionary and revolutionary processes. First, he refreshed what French diploma cy baptized as hyper-power of the United States of America due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disintegration of a bipolar world.Second, environmental concerns have taken the center stage of international affairs because of unstable conditions in the biosphere, biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. Along with these, there is the economic dilemma which suggests that capitalism continues to contain a tendency of widening the gap between the rich and the poor ethnic, national, phantasmal and other reason for polarization have been reaffirmed and the emergence of irregular activities pertained to as terrorism and other organized crime.Hence, in the light of the authoritys inaction regarding these concerns, the public developed hesitancy towards established institutions (Cox 2004 318). Further delving on this particular reasons for the establishment of a new international order, Cox asserted that with all these, there must be a power holding all these things com pletely so that this power could set forth the destruction or the genesis of an established reason.This power poses a dilemma as to what nature does this power hold that even Cox tried to provide an acceptable definition. Power Is in a very general sense to mean whatever force can intentionally bring about change in the behavior of any of the diversity of agents in world political economy. States are obviously to be included among the agents. Military strength and the capacity for economic coercion are obviously to be included among the relevant forces.The problem is to infer from observation of what has happened what the advert forces are and what agents are capable of wielding those forces (Cox 2004 308). Current international scene is dominated by the United States but the economic and diplomatic influences are fast rescinding because of US hegemony in many aspects of world affairs. The US led war on terror and its coalition of the willing is a manifestation of an inherent crisi s in a monopoly capitalist system.Military power now assumes the greatest role in preserving the existing order while its continued intervention in domestic and regional conflicts only isolates US hegemony from the collective of nations. This fragile condition of artificial harmony in a US controlled international scene radiated greater conflicts and majority of the nations initiated their independence from the economic influence of the US through the formation of a regional economic and political cooperation.The euro for example, attempted to present an alternative to the US dollar. Even if this attempt did not gain head on with the US dollar, its presence already showed that economic regionalism was developing into more stable formations and poses formidable challenge to US unilateralism (Cox 2004314). The war on terror has unveiled the nature of US imperialism that it is an Empire that sought to expand its influence and domination wherever necessary and possible.Conflicts in the Middle East and the terror attacks in the US re-opened the debating floors to the concerns of terrorism and the dialectic relation of terrorism and war on terror. As Robert Cox puts it terrorism is a violent reaction to Empire and for dominant power the response to terrorism is an expansion of Empire. The two are joined in dialectic without end since the two contestants are not of the same order The physical elimination of terrorists by legal philosophy and military action does not eliminate terrorism.It encourages more people to take up the role of terrorist. The only way this quagmire dialectic could end would be by transcending the conflict in a reestablished legitimacy (Cox 2004 318). Accumulating the economic, political, cultural and ideological crisis of the United States monopoly capitalist empire, various thinkers attempted to explain the nature of this Empire. The most parking area of these terminologies used to refer to US imperial structure are super-imperialism, ultra-i mperialism and inter-imperialism.Super-imperialism is more concerned with the mechanics of the economy and that evolution from classical imperialism to super-imperialism was caused by a retrogression in the international scene where US surpassed its preeminent creditor status to a debtor status, hence, the worsening crisis of finance capital under the capitalist system. Ultra Imperialism is a term coined by Karl Kautsky as a theoretical conception of imperialism in the September 1914 issue of Die Neue Zeit. Kautsky articulated that capitalist could exist without wars and these industrialized nations need not to divide territories and markets rather form a cartel.Lenin quickly repudiated this assertion and stressed that ultra-imperialism understates the class antagonisms in an imperialist system and the contradictions were disregarded. Inter-imperialism on the other roll does not really offer a new conception of imperialism but only an earlier term used by Hobson to what Kautsky re ferred to as ultra-imperialism. In broadest sense, US imperialism maintains the exploitative conditions at present, the contradiction between and among industrial nations and between industrial nations and third world.

Goa A Paradise Essay

The small emerald land on the west coast of India is best known as a place of blonde beaches and parties. But utmost from the popular tourist acerbspots, sandy beaches and loud parties lush greenery, sparkling waterfalls and the appease of the countryside is the some other face of Goa. Party all night long besides the beaches, getting tan and cocktails in the superb fair weather is what people generally understand from Goa. But for me the beauty of this city was just mesmerising. And it was the beauty of the crystallisation clear water or the beautiful learn of Mother Nature that was calling on to me. It was repose and inner contentment which I witnessed in those beaches or taking strolls in the markets. For me to see the beauty of Goa mavin needs at least a week but the truth is even that week was not enough to incapacitate the stunning beauty of this city. The beaches of Goa argon not just spunky sea or sandy shores but the true beauty of the beaches is more to feel than to see with the naked eye.Aguada beach was the front beach which I had the opportunity to witness. Early in the morning with not much tourists or the local anaesthetic crowd this beach is the perfect place to relax and admire the breath taking beauty. As far as I could see I saw nothing but the giant ocean as if it was stretching out its arm, and wanted to hold sky into its bosoms. The sun rising from the edge of the sky tag a gold line that beautifully lit up the horizon. The rays of the sun turned the entire blue sky into sunglasses of bright red and orange as if it was on fire. The rising sun was celebrated and breath taking as it embarked on the fresh start of the day. The bright sun was nearly hot enough to cover me in an invisible blanket of warmth. The sunlight was glittering on every whit of sand lighting it up into tiny pieces of gold covering the land as far as your eyes can see. Hearing the sound of the waves felt as if god was playing musical symphonies on his piano.Each note would descend in such a beautiful way to give the other note a fresh start. The water was so blue as if a goddess had enwrapped herself in the beautiful symphonies played by her lover to form the drapes of her dress. Soothing, a gentle sea breeze rustles through and through your hair, softly whispering in your ears come fly with me. The location of this particular beach is so glorious that no matter how bright or hot the sun is, the cool breeze flowing crosswise would match up the temperature giving a perfect weather. As you walk along, you find gorgeous, shiny shells that obligate been washed into the shore by the rippling of the water. The warm, golden sand runs between your toes with the gentle breeze. Lying on the beach in the warm sand and looking up at the beauty of the vast canvas of nature even the naked eye is not enough to capture and understand.Vibrant yet assuasive streaks of colour had filled the canvas of the sky. at that place were strokes of pink and orange that resembled the soft, supple skin of a short ripened peach. Away from the city, the noise, the hectic schedule, the crowds, relaxing at the beach feels so calm and peaceful that no words can describe that joy. And where the time flew I had no idea. And soon it was time for sunset. The setting suns radiant face was mirrored by the shimmering clear blue waves of the sea which was framed by sloping land on either side, both of which were flourished with a palette of different bright shades of green, orange and purple. My ears were filled with the sweet joyous sounds of some children playing at a distance along with the humming of the birds and the sound of the rhythmic waves which created a melodic, soothing combination.Huddling into the exuberant verdure the beautiful waterfalls inland are like a sight of the paradise, watching them for hours will not be enough to satiate your desire to feast your eyes on that beauty of incredible merging of colours.There is no one on the beach. You are on your own in that Paradise corner away from the noisy and hectic city. There are no crowds, no cars, no traffic jams. Being away from the boring routine, you feel calm and happy.

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay

The weewee starkness for unbeknownst(predicate) peeing render number 40 was determined. From the results of the two complexometric titrations, the water callosity of the mysterious sample was calculated to be 250.9 ppm CaCO3, which agrees with the flows of acceptable water hardness in the urban center of Phoenix and Tempe Arizona. IntroductionWhen rainfall picks up impurities from the soil, ions of sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and other metals are dissolved into the water. These impurities are what cause residues leftover on glassware from the reaction with the soap used for cleaning. irrigate hardness is from the metal ions with a +2 charge or higher being dissolved into the rainfall. When reporting water hardness, it is reported in units of mg CaCo3/L of solution, or in ppm due to one mg of solute having one millionth of the mass of a liter of water or dilute aqueous solution. It is reported using only CaCo3 because typically, Calcium is the largest subscriber to t he water hardness. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the concentration of metal ion impurities in an nameless sample of hard water by performing a complexometric titration with EDTA. The results were then compared to the judge range for municipal water hardness from multiple city websites. MethodsAll procedures from the CHM 152 Lab, Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness (1) were followed precisely. Unknown water sample 40 was mixed with approximately 20 ml of DI water, 3.0 ml of Ammonia/Ammonium Chloride (NH(aq) Buffer pH=10), and 4 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution. It was then titrated with .004197 M EDTA, which was also made in the lab from 0.7582 g of , added to 500 mL of DI water, that was then stepized with a stock Calcium Ion Solution (CaCO(aq) 1.00g/1.00L) by titration. A extreme of 3 titration trials were completed to find the average molarity of the EDTA, and the average water hardness of unknown water sample 40. Allmass measurement s were taken from a AND Balance, serial number 12321601 and all titrations were through using a KIMAX buret, 173. Pipet measurements were taken from a 25mL Bel-Art, and 15mL Bel-Art pipet. The numerical techniques used in this experiment were, stoichiometry with groin ratio for calculating the molarity of the EDTA solution and water hardness and sexual intercourse average absolute deflection in ppt to show how closely the results from the Standardized EDTA titration of each trial agree with each other. Data synopsisBased on the experiment and calculations, the average calculated concentration of metal ion impurities (water hardness) in unknown sample number 40 from this experiment was 250.9 ppm. From table 1, the average molarity of the titrated was calculated to be 0.004197 M. Table 1The molarity of the EDTA solution for each trial n was calculated as follows .0.01000 L CaCO3 SolnTotal EDTA Delivered L1.000 g CaCO31 L CaCO3 Soln1 mol CaCO3100.1 g CaCO31 mol Na2EDTA1 mol CaCO3=M olarity of Trial n The Average Molarity of the EDTA solution was calculated as follows Average Molarity of EDTA Solution =Calculated molarity from each trialNumber of titration trials To determine how closely the results of each trial from the Standard Disodium EDTA titration (Table 1) agreed with each other, a relative average absolute deviation calculation was done. It was calculated as followsAbsolute deviation for trial n= Na2EDTA avg molarity-Total Na2EDTA Trial nabsolute deviations3Na2EDTA avg molarity1000=Estimated Prescision (ppt) The results of the above calculation came out to be 14.45 ppt. With the expected range of precision being at most five parts per thousand, it has been observed that the molarity of the standard Disodium EDTA solution includes some obvious error. It seems that the observation of color change when Na2EDTA was titrated to the mixture of CaCO3, DI water, Eriochrome Black T, and ammonia/ ammonium ion chloride was the most error prone. Not knowing when t o stop titrating the EDTA solution, would have accounted for a misreading of measurement for the total volume of EDTA solution added to complete the titration, making the final molarity for that trial less thanwhat was expected.Table 2Based on the molarity results from table 1 and the data from table 2, the average calculated water hardness of unknown water sample 40 was calculated to be 250.9 ppm CaCO3. The water hardness of unknown water sample 40 for each individual trial was calculated as follows=Total EDTA soln Delivered L0.02500 L CaCO3 soln0.004197 mol EDTA1 L EDTA soln1 mol CaCO31 mol EDTA100.1 g CaCO31 mol CaCO31000mg1.0 g Average Water Hardness (ppm)mg CaCO31 L CaCO3Interpretation of ResultsBased on the data, the calculated water hardness of the unknown sample number 40 (250.9 ppm), is within range of the city of Phoenixs calculated range of 164-291 ppm (2) and the city of Tempes calculate range of 150-400 ppm (3). References1. Complexometric Determination of Water Hardnes s, Procedures, Mesa Community College CHM152LL website, http//www.physci.mc.maricopa.edu/Chemistry/CHM152/index.html, accessed 9/7/2013. 2. City of Phoenix website. http//phoenix.gov/waterservices/quality/index.html, accessed 9/8/2013. Copyright 2013 3. City of Tempe Az website. https//www.tempe.gov/index.aspx? scallywag=1289Hardness, accessed 9/8/2013. Copyright

Balfour vs. Balfour Case Study

Law of squinch BALFOUR vs. BALFOUR 1919 2K. B. 571 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. heed OF ABBREVIATIONS 2. LIST OF CASES 3. FACTS OF THE CASE 4. ISSUES INVOLVED 5. CONTENTIONS 6. JUDGMENT 7. LAW POINT 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. L. J. Lord Justice II. crease each(prenominal) India Reporter III. QBD Queens Bench Division IV. CBNS Common Bench Report (New Series) V. AER All England ReporterVI. CLR Commonwealth Law Reports LIST OF CASES Cases referred to by the homage of appeal in Balfour vs. Balfour I. Eastland vs. Burchell (1878),3 Q. B. D. 432 II. Jolly vs. Rees (1864),15 C. B. N. S. 628 III. Debenham vs. Mellon (1880),6 App. Cas. 24 Cases having the equivalent law particular as Balfour vs. Balfour I. Rose and Frank Co. vs. Crompton & Bros. Ltd. (1925) A. C. 445 II. Jones vs. Padavatton (1969) All E. R. 616 III. Meritt vs. Meritt (1970) 2 All E. R. 760 IV. S. V. R. Mudaliar vs. Rajababu AIR 1995 SC 1607. Some recent persona laws having the same law pointI. Ermogenou s v Greek Orthodox conjunction of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 Facts Archbishop Ermogenous do a claim for payments he thought overdue for annual and long utility leave from the Greek Orthodox Community. He succeeded at first instance but the Full courtroom of the Supreme Court of SA found there was no purpose to create legal relations surrounded by the parties. An appeal was do to the High Court. II. EDMONDSv LAWSON(2000) FACTS OF THE CASE After their marriage in exalted, 1900, the parties went to Ceylon, where the husband had a government post.In November, 1915, the wife came to England unneurotic with the husband, who was on leave. they both implyed to return to Ceylon . In August,1916,the husbands leave expired and he had to return to Ceylon ,but the wife ,on the advice of her doctor ,was to remain in England. On August 8, 1916, when the husband was about to sail, the wife alleged that the parties demean into an oral deoxidize whereby the husband hold to sop up an allow ance of ? 30 a month. The parties had non at that time agreed to live apart, but did so subsequently when differences arose mingled with them.An action was taken by the wife against the husband to obtain money which she claimed was due to her under the agreement, the alleged setting for that agreement being a promise by her to support herself without art upon him. ISSUES INVOLVED * Was there any legally enforceable contract? * Was there any objective to enter into a legal relationship? CONTENTIONS PLAINTIFF In this case the wife verbalize In horrible 1916, my husbands leave was up . I was suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. My doctor advised my staying in England for several(prenominal) months, and not to go out till Nov. . I booked a passage for next sailing day in September. On august 8 my husband sailed. He gave me a assay from august 8 to august 31 for 24 pounds, and promised to give me 30 pounds per month till I joined him in Ceylon. She also showed most letters ab out which she give tongue to My husband and I wrote the figures together on august 8 and 34 pounds were shown. Afterwards he said 30 pounds. She wanted to recover money from her husband. DEFENDANT The lower court entered judgment in favor of the see-throughtiff and held that the defendants promise to send money was enforceable.The court held that Mrs. Balfours consent was fit setting to render the contract enforceable and the defendant appealed. JUDGEMENT At first instance, Sargant, J. , who was sitting as an additional measure of the poofs Bench Division took into account the points that the wife in this case sued her husband claiming that her husband had agreed to give her an allowance of ? 30 per month which he failed to give, she claimed that there was a binding legal contract and the husband shall in consideration of a promise by the wife pay her the impart of ? 0 a month . Sargant J. held that there was a binding agreement and gave the descion in the favor of the wife later this an appeal was filed by the husband. Warrington,L. J. a judge in the court of appeal noted that there was a valid consideration in this case and said that It seems to me on these letters that there was a expressed softwood between the husband and the wife under which ,while the husband was in India and in a sufficient go down and the wife was in England living separate from him ,she should be paid a definite sum of ? 0 a month ,and that agreement was made when the husband retuned to Ceylon ,and was reaffirmed on at least devil occasions after unhappy differences had shown themselves ,at any rate on the part of the husband ,and when it was probable that their interval might last for some time. Then he proceeded by aphorism that there was not on the button a valid contract be receive this agreement continued because of the circumstances which arose and this agreement notifynot be termed as a legal contract because the intention to enter into a legal relation is mi ssing.He observed that it was quite plain that no such contract was made in express terms, and there wasnt any bargain on the part of the wife at all. All that took place was this the two parties met in a affectionate way and discussed what would be necessary for the support of the wife while she was in England,there wasnt any create that the wife wanted the sum of ? 30 as a compensation or in the ecstasy of the obligations of the husband towards her to maintain her. He said that the husband expressed his intention to make the payment, and he was bounciness in honour to continue it so long as he was in a position to do so.The wife on the other hand, as far as I can see, made no bargain at all. He concluded by saying that the judgment made by Sargant, J. , was wrong and the appeal should be allowed. DUKE,L. J. another judge in the court of appeal agreed with Warrington,L. J. and said that the only question in this case is whether the promise of the husband to the wife ,that while she was living absent from him he will make her a periodical allowance, is a promise which involves in law consideration on the part of the wife sufficient to convert the promise into an agreement.He said that according to him there wasnt any legally enforceable contract and the basis of this agreement was the relationship of husband and wife and the advise that the correlative promises made in the ordinary domestic relationship of husband and wife of necessity gives cause for action on a contract seems to go to the root of the relationship .He concluded by saying I think that in point of principle there is no foundation for the claim which is made here ,and I am satisfied on the question of fact that there was no consideration moving from the husband to the wife or promise by the husband to the wife which was sufficient to survive this action founded merely on contract . In my view ,the appeal moldiness be allowed. ATKIN,L. J. lso back up the judgment of the other two judges and said that in the arrangements between husband and wife mutual promises are present but there is no consideration which is necessary for a legally enforceable contract, in addition to this the intention to be attended by legal consequences is also absent. Such cases cant be sued upon because the parties in the inception of the arrangement never intended that they should be sued upon. He said I think that the parol evidences upon which the contract turns does not establish a contract .I think that the written evidences take overt evidence a contract . For this reason I think that the judgment of the learned judge in the court below was wrong ,and that this appeal should be allowed. LAW POINT The law point in this case is Intention to create legal relationship. Intention to create legal relations is an intrinsic element for creation of a contract. Intention to create legal relations is defined as an intention to enter a legally binding agreement or contract. It consists of read iness of a party to exact the legal sequences of having entered into an agreement.Intention to create legal relations is a motion of every assure party must have the necessary intention to enter into a legally binding contract. Promise in the case of social engagements is generally without an intention to create a legal relationship. Such an agreement therefore, cannot be considered to be a contract. Thus an agreement to go for a walk ,to go to a movie, to play some game, or entertain another person with with a dinner, cannot be enforced in a court of law.Sometimes the parties may expressly mention that it is not a formal or legal agreement, whereas in some other cases such an intention could be presumed from their agreement. Under UK law, an agreement supported by consideration is not enough to create a legally binding contract the parties must also have an intention to create legal relations. Often, the intention to create legal relations is expressly stated by the contracting p arties. In other situations, the law will readily imply the intention, because of the nature of the commercial dealings between the parties.Generally it is assumed that in social and domestic type of agreements this type of intention is absent, but parties do intend to create legal relations in commercial agreements. It is assumed that this doctrine was not clearly effected until 1919. Alternatively, it can be said that the Doctrine is based upon public policy that is to say that, as a matter of policy, the law of contract ought not to intervene in domestic situations because the courts would then be swamped by trifling domestic disputes.The test to know the intention of the parties is objective and not subjective merely because the promiser contends that there was no intention to create legal obligation would not exempt him from liability. It may be noted that although in the case of close relationship there may be generally no intention to create legal relationship but there is nothing which prevents these persons from agreeing to be bound by their promises thus if an arrangement clearly shows an intention to create legal relationship the parties become bound thereby.It is hush an open question whether in the express provisions in the Indian Contract Act ,1872,the compulsion of intention to contract is applicable in India. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCE 1918-19 All E. R. Rep. B. SECONDARY SOURCE Indian Contract Act R. K. Bangia C. OTHER SOURCES www. indlaw. com www. indiankanoon. org http//www. australiancontractlaw. com